The Complete Guide to Custom Yoga Apparel Production Process: From Design to Delivery

The burgeoning global demand for high-quality, customizable yoga apparel presents a significant opportunity for brands seeking to establish a strong presence in the activewear market. This trend is fueled by a growing health-consciousness and the desire for personalized fitness gear that reflects individual style and values.

This comprehensive guide elucidates the critical aspects of the custom yoga apparel production process, from initial design concepts to final delivery. By understanding the intricacies of manufacturing, material selection, and partnership building, you can empower your brand to navigate this dynamic landscape successfully and create a product line that resonates deeply with your target audience.

Key Takeaways

Key Aspect	Summary of Recommendations
Market Analysis	The global yoga apparel market is expanding rapidly, driven by consumer demand for customization and wellness-oriented lifestyles. Private label presents a significant opportunity for new brands to enter the market with a unique identity. Emerging trends show a clear preference for sustainable materials and inclusive sizing.
Manufacturer Selection	Choosing the right manufacturing partner is the most critical decision in the production process. Evaluate potential partners based on product quality, innovation capabilities, Minimum Order Quantities (MOQ), and production lead times. Look for manufacturers with robust OEM/ODM models and verifiable ethical certifications.
Material Innovation	The choice of fabric directly impacts the performance, comfort, and appeal of your yoga wear. Prioritize advanced, high-performance materials fabrics that offer features like four-way stretch, moisture-wicking and breathability. Incorporating sustainable and eco-friendly fabrics can also significantly enhance brand value and appeal to conscious consumers.
Design and Inclusivity	Modern consumers expect brands to cater to a diverse range of body types. Designing for inclusivity by offering an expanded size range is not just an ethical choice but a powerful strategy for building brand loyalty and expanding your market reach. Ensure your designs are both functional for yoga and stylish for athleisure wear.
Production Workflow	A streamlined production workflow is essential for efficiency and quality. This process includes clear stages: concept development, tech pack creation, material sourcing, sampling, bulk production, rigorous quality control, and finally, logistics and delivery. Clear communication and a strong partnership with your manufacturer are vital at every step.
Collaboration and IP	Effective and transparent communication with your manufacturing partner is key to a successful relationship. Establish clear quality control checkpoints throughout the production process. Crucially, ensure your intellectual property (IP) is protected through legally binding agreements, especially when working with overseas partners.

Navigating the Evolving Market: A Complete Guide to Custom Yoga Apparel Production Process for Brand Success

To succeed in the custom yoga apparel industry, brands must first understand the landscape. This involves analyzing market dynamics, identifying consumer trends, and understanding the global manufacturing environment. A strategic approach at this initial stage lays the foundation for building a resilient and profitable brand.

Market Dynamics and Opportunities

The activewear market, particularly yoga apparel, is characterized by vibrant growth and continuous evolution. Consumers are no longer just seeking functional workout clothes; they are looking for apparel that aligns with their lifestyle, values, and personal aesthetic. This shift has opened up immense opportunities for brands that can deliver on quality, innovation, and customization.

Growing Consumer Demand and Private Label Potential

The global market for yoga clothing is experiencing explosive growth. Valued at over $30 billion in 2025, it is projected to surpass $54 billion by 2034, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.41%. This surge is not just a fleeting trend but a reflection of a broader societal shift towards health, wellness, and mindful living. More than 36 million people practice yoga in the United States alone, and this growing participation directly fuels the demand for specialized apparel.

This expanding market creates fertile ground for private label brands. Private labeling allows new and existing companies to enter the activewear space by developing and selling products under their own brand name. The private label apparel market itself is on a significant upward trajectory, expected to reach $147.5 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 8.90%. For entrepreneurs and retailers, this presents a golden opportunity to create a unique brand identity, control product design and quality, and capture a share of a profitable and growing consumer segment. The key is to offer products that provide value, exclusive designs, and meet the demand for affordable yet high-quality fashion. Today's consumers, particularly Millennials and Gen Z, expect customization and are often willing to pay a premium for personalized gear that aligns with their values and aesthetic preferences.

Global Sourcing and Manufacturing Partnerships

The journey from a design concept to a finished product involves a complex global supply chain. For yoga apparel brands, forging strong manufacturing partnerships is crucial. These partnerships dictate not only the quality and cost of the final product but also the brand's ability to innovate and scale.

China's Leading Role and OEM/ODM Models

For decades, China has been a powerhouse in global apparel manufacturing, and this remains true for activewear. The country offers an unparalleled combination of a mature and integrated supply chain, advanced infrastructure, technical expertise in performance fabrics, and the ability to produce at scale. This ecosystem allows for competitive pricing, high-quality output, and production reliability that is difficult for other regions to match.

When sourcing from China or any other manufacturing hub, brands typically engage with factories through two primary models: Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and Original Design Manufacturer (ODM).

• OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer): In this model, the brand provides the complete design, including detailed tech packs, material specifications, and construction requirements. The manufacturer's role is to execute this vision precisely. OEM offers full creative control and ensures the final product is a unique representation of the brand. It is the preferred model for brands with a strong design identity and the resources to invest in product development.
• ODM (Original Design Manufacturer): With ODM, the manufacturer offers a collection of pre-designed products that brands can choose from and customize with their own branding, colors, and minor modifications. This model is often referred to as private label. It provides a much faster and more cost-effective route to market, making it an excellent choice for startups or brands looking to test new product lines with lower risk and upfront investment.

Many successful brands employ a hybrid approach, using ODM to launch quickly and then transitioning to OEM for their best-selling items once they have established market demand. This strategy balances speed and accessibility with the long-term goal of building a unique and exclusive product line.

Strategic Manufacturer Selection: A Complete Guide to Custom Yoga Apparel Production Process for easemotion Brand Excellence

Choosing the right manufacturing partner is arguably the single most important decision a yoga apparel brand will make. This partnership directly influences product quality, brand reputation, and long-term scalability. A thorough evaluation process and a commitment to building a strong, collaborative relationship are essential for achieving excellence.

Criteria for Partner Evaluation

When vetting potential manufacturers, it's crucial to look beyond the per-unit cost. A holistic evaluation should encompass a range of qualitative and quantitative factors that align with your brand's goals and values.

Product Quality, Innovation, MOQ, and Lead Times

These four pillars are foundational to evaluating a potential manufacturing partner.

• Product Quality: This is non-negotiable. Assess a manufacturer's commitment to quality by reviewing their portfolio, requesting samples of previous work, and inquiring about their in-house quality control (QC) procedures. A reliable partner will have a multi-stage QC process that includes checks on raw materials, in-line production inspections, and a final inspection before shipment.
• Innovation: The activewear market thrives on innovation in fabrics and construction. A forward-thinking manufacturer will have strong R&D capabilities and a network of suppliers for technical and sustainable materials. Their ability to introduce new techniques and fabrics can give your brand a significant competitive edge.
• Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ): MOQ is the minimum number of units a factory will produce per style or color. For startups and small brands, finding a manufacturer with a low or flexible MOQ is critical to manage inventory and reduce financial risk. MOQs for custom sportswear typically range from 50 to 300 pieces per style/color, but this can vary based on the complexity of the design and fabric customization. Some factories offer MOQs as low as 100 pieces per design, mixing colors and sizes, which is ideal for testing the market.
• Lead Times: Lead time is the total time from order placement to final delivery. Standard lead times for bulk apparel orders can range from 8 to 16 weeks, covering fabric sourcing, sampling, production, and shipping. Mismanaging lead times can lead to missed seasonal launches and lost revenue. Ensure a potential partner provides realistic timelines and has a proven track record of on-time delivery.

Comparison of Key Manufacturer Evaluation Metrics

Metric	Ideal for Startups	Ideal for Established Brands	Key Questions to Ask
Product Quality	Consistent, high-quality basics	Premium craftsmanship, advanced techniques	Can I see samples? What is your QC process?
Innovation	Access to trendy, stock fabrics	R&D for custom, proprietary materials	What new fabrics or technologies are you working on?
MOQ	50-200 pieces per style/color	500+ pieces per style/color	What is your MOQ per style and per color?
Lead Time	8-12 weeks	12-16 weeks	What is your standard lead time for sampling and bulk?

Customization Capabilities, Ethics, and Certifications

Beyond the core metrics, a manufacturer's ability to customize and their commitment to ethical practices are what separate a good partner from a great one. These factors build brand value and resonate with modern consumers.

Customization Capabilities, Ethics, and Certifications

• Customization Capabilities: A strong manufacturing partner should offer a wide range of customization options to help your brand stand out. This includes private label services, custom logo applications (like heat transfer, printing, or embroidery), unique woven labels, and branded packaging. The ability to customize a product from fabric composition to the final hangtag is what allows a brand to create a truly unique identity.

• Ethics and Fair Labor: Modern consumers are increasingly concerned with the ethical implications of their purchases. Partnering with a manufacturer that ensures fair wages, safe working conditions, and respects its workers is not just a moral imperative but also a powerful brand asset. Ethical production can be a cornerstone of your brand's story and a key differentiator in the market.

• Certifications: Certifications from third-party organizations provide verifiable proof of a manufacturer's claims regarding quality, sustainability, and ethical practices. When vetting partners, look for globally recognized standards.

Key Certifications for Apparel Manufacturing:

Certification	Focus Area	What It Means for Your Brand
ISO 9001	Quality Management Systems	Ensures the manufacturer has a reliable and consistent process for maintaining quality.
OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100	Product Safety	Guarantees that every component of the product, from the fabric to the thread, has been tested for harmful substances and is safe for human health.
GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard)	Organic Textiles	Verifies that textiles are made from at least 70% certified organic natural fibers and that manufacturing processes are environmentally and socially responsible.
GRS (Global Recycled Standard)	Recycled Content	Tracks and verifies the content of recycled materials in a final product and ensures responsible social, environmental, and chemical practices in their production.
bluesign®	Sustainable Textile Production	A holistic system that provides safer and more sustainable environments for people to work in and for everyone to live in by managing chemicals and resource usage.
WRAP (Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production)	Ethical Manufacturing	A globally recognized, independent certification program focused on ensuring manufacturing facilities operate in a safe, lawful, humane, and ethical manner.
BSCI (Business Social Compliance Initiative)	Social Compliance	A system to monitor and assess workplace standards across the global supply chain, ensuring fair labor conditions.
Fair Trade Certified™	Fair Labor & Community	Ensures workers receive fair wages, safe working conditions, and that a portion of the product's price goes back to a community development fund.

Effective Collaboration and Relationship Building

Selecting a manufacturer is just the beginning. The long-term success of your production depends on building a strong, transparent, and collaborative relationship. This involves establishing clear lines of communication, robust quality control checkpoints, and solid legal protections for your brand's intellectual property.

Clear Communication, Quality Control, and IP Protection

• Clear Communication: Effective communication is the bedrock of a successful manufacturing partnership, especially when working with overseas suppliers. Misunderstandings can lead to costly errors and significant delays. Brands must provide detailed tech packs, visual references, and clear instructions. It's also vital to establish open channels for regular updates using a mix of email for documentation, instant messaging for quick questions, and video calls for detailed discussions like sample reviews. Being responsive and transparent builds trust and ensures both parties are aligned.

• Quality Control (QC): A robust QC process should be integrated throughout production, not just at the end. This multi-stage approach helps catch issues early, saving time and money.

  1. Pre-Production Inspection: Inspect all raw materials, including fabrics and trims, before production begins to ensure they meet quality standards.
  2. In-Line Inspection: Conduct checks at various stages of the sewing and assembly process to identify defects like poor stitching or incorrect measurements before they affect the entire batch.
  3. Final Inspection: Before shipment, perform a thorough inspection of the finished garments, often using a statistical sampling method like AQL (Acceptable Quality Limit), to verify overall quality, appearance, packaging, and labeling.

• Intellectual Property (IP) Protection: Protecting your designs, logos, and brand name is critical. While concerns about IP theft exist, particularly when manufacturing in regions like China, proactive measures can provide strong protection.

  • Register Your IP: China and many other countries operate on a "first-to-file" system for trademarks and patents. This means the first entity to register a mark owns it in that country, regardless of who created it. Registering your trademarks and design patents in your manufacturing country is the most crucial first step.
  • Use Strong Contracts: Implement a Non-Disclosure, Non-Use, and Non-Circumvention (NNN) agreement, which is more robust than a standard NDA and is specifically designed for China's legal system. This contract should be written in Mandarin and be enforceable in Chinese courts.
  • Work with Reputable Partners: Established and reputable manufacturers are less likely to risk their business and reputation by infringing on a client's IP.

Innovation in Action: A Complete Guide to Custom Yoga Apparel Production Process Through Advanced Materials and Inclusivity with easemotion

The yoga apparel market is intensely competitive, and innovation is the key to standing out. Brands that embrace cutting-edge materials, commit to sustainability, and design for a diverse range of body types are the ones that capture consumer loyalty. A forward-thinking partner like easemotioncan be instrumental in bringing these innovations to life.

Advanced Materials and Sustainable Practices

The fabric of a yoga garment is its soul. It dictates performance, comfort, and increasingly, the product's environmental footprint. The choice of materials is a defining feature of a brand's identity and a major purchasing driver for consumers.

Performance, Athleisure, and Eco-Friendly Fabrics

The modern yoga wardrobe is built on three fabric pillars: high-performance synthetics, comfortable athleisure materials, and sustainable alternatives.

• Performance Fabrics: For active and hot yoga practices, performance is paramount. The best fabrics are synthetic blends that offer a combination of key features.

  • Nylon/Spandex Blends: Often considered the gold standard, nylon-spandex blends (typically 80% nylon, 20% spandex) are prized for their exceptionally soft, "buttery" feel, excellent four-way stretch, and durability. They provide a comfortable, second-skin fit that moves with the body.
  • Polyester/Spandex Blends: This blend is a workhorse for activewear. Polyester is hydrophobic, meaning it repels moisture and wicks sweat away from the skin to the fabric's surface, where it can evaporate quickly. It is highly durable and holds its shape well, making it ideal for high-intensity workouts.

• Athleisure Fabrics: The line between workout wear and everyday clothing has blurred, giving rise to the "athleisure" trend. These fabrics prioritize comfort and style, making them suitable for both a gentle yoga class and a casual outing.

  • Cotton Blends: Known for its softness and breathability, cotton is a popular choice for relaxed-fit joggers, hoodies, and tees. When blended with a small amount of spandex, it gains the stretch needed for light movement.
  • Modal and Tencel™: These are semi-synthetic fibers made from the wood pulp of renewable trees like beech and eucalyptus. They are known for their luxurious softness, smooth drape, breathability, and eco-friendly production processes, making them perfect for comfortable loungewear and yoga tops.

• Eco-Friendly Fabrics: Sustainability is no longer a niche concern; it's a mainstream demand. Consumers are actively seeking brands that use environmentally responsible materials.

  • Recycled Polyester (rPET) and Recycled Nylon (Econyl®): These fabrics are made from post-consumer waste like plastic bottles and discarded fishing nets. They offer the same high-performance qualities as their virgin counterparts but with a significantly lower environmental impact by reducing landfill waste and conserving resources.
  • Organic Cotton & Hemp: Grown without harmful pesticides and using less water, these natural fibers are skin-friendly and biodegradable. They are excellent choices for breathable, comfortable apparel.

Designing for Inclusivity and Diverse Body Types

True brand success in the modern era requires a commitment to inclusivity. A one-size-fits-all approach no longer resonates with consumers who want to see themselves represented by the brands they support. Offering a wide range of sizes is not just an ethical imperative; it's a powerful business strategy.

Expanding Size Ranges for Enhanced Brand Loyalty

For too long, the fitness industry has catered to a narrow ideal of body types, leaving a significant portion of the population feeling unseen and excluded. Today, size inclusivity is not just a movement but a market expectation. Brands that embrace a a broader spectrum of sizes, from petite to plus-size, are reaping the rewards of increased customer loyalty and a larger market share.

Here’s why inclusive sizing is crucial:

• Builds Emotional Connection and Trust: When consumers see models that reflect their own body type, it fosters a powerful emotional connection. Studies show that using plus-size models in advertising enhances consumer support and brand loyalty because people feel valued and seen. This authenticity builds a level of trust that traditional marketing often fails to achieve.
• Expands Market Reach: The plus-size apparel market is a rapidly growing segment. By offering extended sizes, brands can tap into a substantial and often underserved consumer base that is actively seeking stylish, well-fitting activewear.
• Drives Customer Loyalty: A customer who finds a brand that offers their perfect fit is highly likely to become a repeat purchaser. The plus-size community, in particular, shows strong loyalty to brands that cater to their needs, as their options have historically been limited.
• Requires Thoughtful Design: True size inclusivity goes beyond simply scaling up a standard pattern. It involves designing for different body proportions, ensuring elements like waistband height, compression levels, and seam placement are optimized for comfort and support across all sizes. Partnering with a manufacturer experienced in inclusive pattern-making is essential for creating garments that fit and flatter every body.

Streamlining Production: A Complete Guide to Custom Yoga Apparel Production Process from Design to Delivery for easemotion Partners

A seamless and efficient production process is the engine that drives a successful apparel brand. From the first spark of a design idea to the moment the finished product is delivered to your customer, every step must be managed with precision and clear communication. For partners of a capable manufacturer like easemotion, this workflow is streamlined to ensure quality, timeliness, and satisfaction.

The Full Production Workflow

Navigating the journey from concept to consumer involves a series of critical stages. A well-defined workflow ensures that nothing is overlooked and that the final product perfectly matches the brand's vision.

From Concept to Sampling, Bulk Production, Quality, and Support

A "full package" production model, where the manufacturer handles the entire process, offers a streamlined and efficient path for brands.

The Production Workflow Step-by-Step:

1. Concept & Tech Pack Development: The process begins with your design idea. This is translated into a detailed "tech pack"—a comprehensive blueprint for the garment. The tech pack includes technical sketches, a Bill of Materials (BOM), measurement charts, construction details, and branding specifications. A thorough tech pack minimizes ambiguity and is crucial for accurate sampling.
2. Fabric and Trim Sourcing: Based on the tech pack, the manufacturer sources the appropriate fabrics, threads, zippers, labels, and other materials. This stage is critical for achieving the desired performance, feel, and look of the final product.
3. The Sampling Process: Sampling is an iterative process to perfect the garment before mass production.
   • Prototype (Proto) Sample: The first physical sample created to check the basic construction and concept.
   • Fit Sample: This sample is used to test and refine the fit, drape, and measurements of the garment on a human model or mannequin. Multiple fit samples may be required to get it right.
   • Pre-Production Sample (PPS): This is the final sample made with all the correct fabrics, trims, and branding. Once the PPS is approved by the brand, it becomes the "gold standard" that the bulk production must match.
4. Bulk Production: With the PPS approved, full-scale manufacturing begins. This involves grading the pattern for all sizes, cutting the fabric in layers, and assembling the garments on the production line. Consistency and efficiency are key at this stage.
5. Quality Control: Rigorous quality checks are performed throughout and after production to ensure every piece meets the standard of the approved PPS. This includes inspecting for fabric defects, stitching accuracy, and correct measurements.
6. Finishing, Packaging & Delivery: Garments are ironed, folded, tagged, and packed according to the brand's specifications. The manufacturer then handles the logistics of shipping the finished goods to the brand's warehouse or distribution center.
7. Ongoing Support: A true manufacturing partner offers support even after delivery, helping to address any issues and plan for future production runs.

Exemplary Manufacturing Partners

Choosing an exemplary partner is about more than just production capabilities. It's about finding a manufacturer who shares your vision for quality, innovation, and ethical practices. A great partner acts as an extension of your own team.

Insights from Leading Suppliers for easemotion Brands

For brands partnering with a top-tier manufacturer, the relationship becomes a strategic asset. Experienced suppliers bring more than just sewing skills to the table; they offer invaluable insights that can shape product development, improve efficiency, and drive innovation.

What to look for in an exemplary partner:

• A Strategic, Collaborative Approach: The best suppliers act as partners, not just vendors. They provide feedback on designs to improve manufacturability, suggest alternative materials to enhance performance or reduce cost, and work collaboratively to solve problems.
• Proactive Communication and Transparency: A reliable supplier keeps you informed at every stage. They provide regular updates, are transparent about their production schedule, and communicate potential issues early.
• Expertise in the Yoga Niche: A manufacturer specializing in yoga and activewear will have deep knowledge of the specific requirements of these garments, such as the need for four-way stretch, flatlock seams to prevent chafing, and gusseted crotches for freedom of movement.
• Commitment to Sustainability and Ethics: Leading manufacturers recognize the growing consumer demand for ethically and sustainably produced goods. They hold certifications like GOTS, GRS, and WRAP, and they can help brands source eco-friendly materials, demonstrating a shared commitment to responsible production.
• Proven Track Record: Look for manufacturers with a history of success working with other activewear brands. Case studies, client testimonials, and a strong portfolio are indicators of a reliable and experienced partner.

By selecting a manufacturer that embodies these qualities, brands can build a resilient supply chain, ensure product excellence, and create a strong foundation for long-term growth and success in the competitive yoga apparel market.

Conclusion

Successfully navigating the custom yoga apparel production process demands a strategic approach to manufacturer selection, embracing market innovations, and prioritizing ethical and sustainable practices. The journey from a simple design sketch to a market-ready product is complex, but with the right knowledge and partners, it is an achievable and rewarding endeavor. Brands that focus on quality, inclusivity, and transparent collaboration are best positioned to thrive.

By meticulously following this guide, brands can cultivate robust partnerships, ensure product excellence, and achieve sustained growth in the competitive activewear sector. We encourage you to use these insights as a roadmap to build a brand that not only looks good but also aligns with the values of today's mindful consumer. As you embark on this journey, remember that every choice—from fabric to factory—is an opportunity to define your brand's legacy. Share this guide with fellow entrepreneurs and continue to engage in the conversation about building better, more responsible apparel.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What is the most important first step in starting a custom yoga apparel line?

The most critical first step is comprehensive market research and defining your brand's unique value proposition. Before you even think about designs, you need to understand your target audience, analyze the competition, and identify a niche. Are you targeting high-performance athletes, eco-conscious yogis, or the athleisure crowd? Your brand identity, coupled with a solid business plan and a clear understanding of your customer, will guide every subsequent decision, from fabric choice to manufacturing partnerships.

2. What is a "tech pack" and why is it essential?

A tech pack (technical packet) is the master blueprint for your garment. It is a detailed document created by a designer that provides a manufacturer with all the necessary specifications to create a product. A comprehensive tech pack includes technical sketches (flats), a bill of materials (BOM) listing all fabrics and trims, measurement charts for all sizes (grade rules), construction details (stitch types, seam placements), and artwork for labels and logos. It is absolutely essential because it minimizes miscommunication, ensures accurate sampling, and serves as a contractual agreement on the final product's specifications. A vague tech pack is a primary cause of production errors and delays.

3. What's the difference between OEM and ODM manufacturing, and which is better for a new brand?

• OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) is a model where you provide the complete, original design, and the factory produces it for you. You have full creative control and own the intellectual property.
• ODM (Original Design Manufacturer), often called private label, is where the factory provides pre-existing designs that you can modify with your own branding, colors, and minor adjustments.

For most new brands, ODM is often the better starting point. It offers a lower-cost, faster route to market with reduced risk, as you are working with proven styles. This allows you to test the market and build your brand without the significant upfront investment in design and development required for OEM. Many brands later transition to OEM for their best-selling products.

4. How can I ensure the manufacturer I choose is ethical and sustainable?

Verifying a manufacturer's ethical and sustainable claims is crucial. Look for third-party certifications, which provide independent validation of their practices. Key certifications to ask for include:

• Social/Ethical: WRAP (Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production), BSCI (Business Social Compliance Initiative), Fair Trade Certified™.
• Environmental/Sustainable: GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) for organic fibers, GRS (Global Recycled Standard) for recycled content, OEKO-TEX® for chemical safety, and bluesign® for sustainable textile production. Beyond certifications, ask for transparency in their supply chain, inquire about their waste and water management practices, and build a relationship based on open communication about these values.

5. How much should I budget for sampling, and is it always necessary?

Yes, sampling is always necessary. It is the only way to test the fit, fabric, and construction of your design before committing to a large, expensive bulk order. Skipping this step is one of the riskiest mistakes a brand can make. Budgeting for samples can vary, but a general guideline is to expect sample costs to be 2-3 times the final per-unit production cost due to the manual labor and small-scale resources required. Most professional factories will refund a portion or all of the sample fee once you place a bulk order. Plan for at least 2-3 rounds of sampling per style to perfect the design.